PC Basics 7: Ideas that Changed the World/PC Basics 7 - Ideas that Changed the World (1999)(IDG Media).iso/GUIDE/GUIDE.DP

Common Ground | 1996-01-18 | 1MB | 6,692 lines

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Parent-T
eacher
Guide
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Arial
Ideas That Changed the W
Parent-T
eacher Guide
$Digital guide written and edited by:
Margaret Beck
Michael Plexman
ritten by:
Leonard Swatridge
Education Of
ficer
)o), Ontario Ministry of Education (retired)
7Former Director of Education, Ontario Science Centre, T
oronto
John Swatridge
eacher
, Elmira District High School
Ontario, Canada
*}BCopyright 1996 ICE Integrated Communications & Entertainment Inc.
All rights
    reserved.
*}RAny unauthorized duplication or reproduction of this guide for commercial purposes
*>-is strictly prohibited by International law.
'Any commercial inquiries regarding this
Otext should be made in writing to ICE Integrated Communications & Entertainment
*>*Inc., 489 Queen Street East., Suite 300, T
oronto, Ontario, Canada, M5A
)1Iarning:  The authors, producers, distributors or agents of the Ideas that
Changed the W
orld Parent-T
-eacher Guide are not liable for any injury or
Dproperty damage resulting from activities discussed in this guide.
Eactivities involving children should be done under adult supervision.
Times New Roman
able of Contents
Arial
THE PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDE
SUGGESTIONS T
ARENTS
AND TEACHERS
THE FIRST INVENTIONS
Early T
Making Fire
Ritual
And Ceremony
0    Diagram 1
0    Diagram 2
IMPROVING MAN'S CHANCES OF SUR
VIVAL
Early Farming
The Plow
Scientific
Agriculture
Basic Shelter
Stone and Concrete Construction
aults and Domes
Metal in Building Construction
Early Medicine
accination
Advances in Medicine
0    Diagram 1
0    Diagram 2
0    Diagram 3
0    Diagram 4
FROM FLINT T
OOLS T
O PRODUCTION LINES
Hand T
Simple Machines
0    Machine T
Mass Production
0    Diagram 1
UTILIZING THE EARTH'S RESOURCES
Natural Power
The Steam Engine
Electricity and the Battery
Arial
Internal Combustion
The Jet Engine
Rockets
Nuclear Power
USING NA
TURAL
ARTIFICIAL
TERIALS
Pottery and Glass
orking in Metal
Plastics
SHRINKING THE WORLD
Boats and Rafts
The Compass
0    The Wheel
Roads and Railways
Flight
Scripts and
W    Alphabets
The Book
Optical Inventions
Remote Communications
Sound Recording
Moving Images
0    Computers
0    Diagram 1
0    Diagram 2
0    Diagram 3
0    Diagram 4
0    Diagram 5
0    Diagram 6
0    Diagram 7
0    Diagram 8
0    Diagram 9
EPILOGUE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Times New Roman
Purpose
Arial
The Ideas that Changed the W
orld Parent-T
eachers Guide is designed to
0Kenable the parent/teacher to guide and enhance a student's understanding of
the development of mankind
s greatest inventions.
This is accomplished both
0Bthrough maximizing the use of the CD-ROM, and encouraging research
*>&activities beyond the CD-ROM's scope.
The manual consists mainly of
questions and activities.
2The questions could be used to monitor a student's
0Eprogress in comprehending the content; the activities are intended to
*?Oencourage a student to explore the topics in a variety of ways, often including
"hands-on" activity
;. It is important that the parents/teachers become involved
0>by providing purpose and direction to the student's learning.
The learning
0Nprogram could be quite formal, with highly-structured and specific educational
expectations; or
7, could be informal, with students using the CD-ROM and
0Imanual for recreational or exploratory purposes. Use of the CD-ROM in any
)^K, is certainly going to improve the student's research skills, while at the
0+same time satisfying a quest for knowledge.
*}PThe questions and activities try to direct the student into the more significant
aspects of each topic.
a,They have also been designed so that certain
0Ceducational understandings are encountered by the student, such as:
)2GThe tremendous impact of invention on our everyday lives, including the
*>,student's, and on the history of all people.
)2:The chronological and often logical development of ideas.
)2;The dangers inherent to those who pioneered in technology.
)2JThe need for ideas from many people, often required before a major idea or
development could be achieved.
)2EThe importance of tools and machines in the development of new ideas.
)2LThe importance of the knowledge of the characteristics of materials, natural
*?+or artificial, in order to make the most ef
fective use of them.
)23The realization of the favorable and unfavorable ef
fects that new
b1technologies could have on their lives in future.
)2GCareer opportunities for today's students may increase in certain areas
*?&because of technological developments.
Times New Roman
Suggestions on using the
    CD-ROM ef
c    fectively
Arial
Choice
*?HEvery student is unique. Parents/teachers may be using the CD-ROM with a
*>M10 or 16 year old; with a computer-literate student, or a beginner;  with one
*?Qinterested in flight, or one interested in glass-making; with a student who likes
to draw
1, or with one who would rather build a model;  or
.. or
...or
....Obviously
0Pthe parent/teacher should work with the student to select topics of interest. In
*>Hsome instances the topic to be researched will be determined by a sudden
*?,interest caused by a personal experience, a
TV program, a book, or by a
0Jproject required at school. Questions and activities assigned to a student
*?(must be suited to his or her INTERESTS,
ABILITIES and NEEDS.
There is a
0Mgreat deal of choice in this guide--take full advantage of it to motivate and
*?1interest the unique learner you are working with.
Full use of the Resource
*>,Ensure at the start that the student has suf
X%ficient computer skills to access all
0Jthe information available on the CD-ROM. Some of the questions and answers
*>Hrequire the student to search out data beyond the CD-ROM. Such items are
marked with a
4so that when guiding the student, you know where the
0 information needed may be found.
Questions versus
Activities
0KBecause the CD-ROM will have a variety of users with a variety of purposes;
*>Qboth questions and activities are provided.        Generally the questions are of
*?Fthe comprehension type, ie. designed to assess whether the student has
*>Kunderstood the material. Questions may be assigned to ensure that a student
*?Ehas completed a work assignment. For this reason answers are provided
*>!separately from the guide.
,,Activities are of a more exploratory nature,
08better suited to more informal or recreational purposes.
Safety
*><Some experimentation can be dangerous. Parents and teachers,
*?Iespecially with younger children, should be fully involved and personally
*>>aware of the dangers of activities being explored by students.
Arial
Exploration never ends
*>KAt all times parents and teachers should be aware of opportunities enabling
*?Mstudents to learn about and experience the world of invention in which we all
live.
)wHThe value of using the computer and exploring the potential of the Ideas
that Changed the W
3orld CD-ROM, can be greatly enhanced by encouraging
0Istudents to "think technologically", ie. encouraging them to seek out how
*?Mthings work, and why things happen as they do, in the real world around them.
Useful Bibliography
0NThe bibliography has been included for several reasons. It is there to provide
*?Ladditional research resources beyond the one provided at the end of the full
text. More importantly
J3, it has a number of books included which have been
0Pwritten for the young; several of which provide additional activities that could
*>Lbe explored to enrich other studies. In addition to the bibliography in this
*?Iguide, further references may be found in the bibliography on the CD-ROM.
Times New Roman
The First Inventions
Arial
Theme
The beginning of technology
1, of finding practical ways to improve the living
02standards of peoples, is described in this chapter
. Civilization advanced hand
0&in hand with the advance of technology
", and two of the three legs of the
0Mso-called tripod of civilization, fire, tools and language, were improvements
*> directly related to technology.
"(The First Inventions - Diagram 2)
Early T
).9For how many years are we certain humans have used tools?
).DWhy was flint so suited to the first technologists for making tools?
).3What was the important find made by the Leakeys in
Africa?
)_@rite a few paragraphs on archaeologists, explaining why they are
important, and
techniques they use.
).DExplore flint.  Rock and mineral books (or gem stores) would provide
*?Jdata on this rock which was so important to primitive peoples. If flint is
*>'available, try making a primitive tool.
Making Fire
).,Which was the first human group to use fire?
).EExplain: Fire was much more important to the early humans than merely
in keeping them warm.
EExplore the rotating stick technique of making fire, and as well the
*>:striking of two pieces of flint together to cause sparks.
    This MUST
Hdone outside, because of the danger of FIRE. If done at night it will be
*>1possible to see the sparks as well as smell them.
Arial
Ritual and Ceremony
ry dancing the T
H)ango, according to the explanation given.
).7Suggest several reasons why early man created cave art.
Why is it believed "V
enus Figurines" were made?
How might a "V
E"enus Figurine" from the 1990's dif
fer from the ancient
ones?
).FEmploy the discovery section to determine the type of animal hidden by
the grime.
).GExplore the topic of cave art, and draw some figures using that ancient
style of drawing.
Arial
THE FIRST INVENTIONS
THE HISTORY
OF THE WORLD ON A
24-HOUR CLOCK
10 P.M.
11 P.M.
12 P.M.
1 A.M.
2 A.M.
Last 2
Minutes
1 P.M.
2 P.M.
3 P.M.
4 P.M.
5 P.M.
6 P.M.
7 P.M.
8 P.M.
9 P.M.
3 A.M.
4 A.M.
5 A.M.
6 A.M.
7 A.M.
8 A.M.
9 A.M.
10 A.M.
11 A.M.
5 hr. 21 minutes
later, first single-cell
**    organisms
8 hrs later,
the 1st vertebrates
appear
MIDNIGHT
128 minutes ago
fish appeared in
*)    abundance
96 minutes ago,
Reptiles appear
77.8 minutes ago
Dinosaurs appear
21 minutes ago
Dinosaurs disappear
11:58
11:59
76.8 seconds ago,
*)    man walks
12:00
1 second to go,
rituals develop
7.67 seconds ago,
fire is developed
29 seconds ago,
tools developed
5/100th sec. ago Industrial
Revolution starts
1/100,000th sec. ago,
Atomic Age begins
)(Based on an Earth 4.5 Billion years old)
l    Diagram 1
Arial
Language
Civilization
THE FIRST INVENTIONS
THE CIVILIZA
TION TRIPOD
Three Factors That Support It
s    Diagram 2
Times New Roman
Improving Man
s Chances of
Survival
Arial
Theme
*>IUnder this topic the CD-ROM explores many improvements made to the quali-
ty of life for human beings.
-This section ranges from farming to medicine.
Early Farming
Where did farming likely start?
How did farming af
fect urbanization?
FDiscuss the relationship between food surplus, urbanization, and tech-
nological
development.
).0Why was the "shaduf" physically easy to operate?
DThrough the activity button, learn how to bake bread, and then, with
*?0adult assistance, try it using real ingredients.
The Plow
+l}?Describe the several improvements the Chinese made to the plow.
5Using the activity button, play the game on the plow.
Scientific
Agriculture
What were Lord T
~3ownshend's two major contributions to farming. Name
#the plants in the Norfolk Rotation?
).6Why was McCormick's reaper an improvement over others?
Arial
How did Jethro T
n-ull's seed drill make use of non-agricultural
technology?
/Start your own garden, either indoor or outdoor
ary the growing
?conditions for similar plants in the same part of the garden. Y
ou could
Jvary the type and amount of fertilizer used, the amount of water provided,
*>!or the soil components. If indoor
&, you can also change the color of the
light used. Record the dif
    ferent ef
fects of such changes.
Basic Shelter
)29Name five natural materials used to build early shelters.
Why do homes built by dif
ferent primitive peoples dif
).3Play the matching game through the activity button.
).*Make some small bricks, using molds, straw
, clay and water.
)JEents were among the earliest shelters. Construct a simple one inside,
Husing sticks and blankets or similar items, or; construct a lean-to out-
side using natural materials.
>1(Improving Man's Chance of Survival - Diagram 1)
Stone and Concrete Construction
).+Describe how the pyramids were constructed.
What is concrete made of?
).3Draw and label the three types of Greek capitals.
(Improving Man
 Chance of Survival - Diagram 2).
Crossword puzzle.
(Improving Man
"s Chance of Survival - Diagram 3).
Arial
aults and Domes
).2What kind of construction do most skyscrapers use?
).-Explain how corbelled roofs were constructed.
ADraw sketches using the diagrams on the CD-ROM of the following :
*?Hbarrel vault, intersecting vaults, Gothic pointed arch, trusses, flying
buttresses, Byzantine dome.
Metal in Building Construction
).FWho built the world's first iron bridge, and where was it constructed?
).0Why is the I-beam so suited for frame buildings?
).>What problem did Elisha Otis solve, and what was his solution?
Improving Man
3!s Chances of Survival - Diagram 4
Early Medicine
).8Why were medicine men and priests often the same person?
).7Name the three famous Greek and Roman medical pioneers.
)."What were the four "Greek Humors"?
*>&How did the Greeks think each humor af
fected health?
Draw and color the well-known Y
in and Y
ang Chinese symbol, and
-beneath it explain what each one represented.
).7Do further exploration on acupuncture and how it works.
Arial
accination
+E}1Research the famous medical pioneer Edward Jenner
, describing in two
$or three paragraphs his life's work.
Advances in Medicine
+l},What is "laughing gas" called by scientists?
)NDry hearing the heartbeat of a friend by employing the technique used
ne Laennec. Y
+ou should be able to count the heart beats.
FCompare your heart rate with theirs, or compare the readings when they
*?%are at rest, and after some exercise.
).EMatch the doctors and their work by drawing arrows linking them:
esalius
Sphygmomanometer
Galileo
Stethoscope
on Basch
Inoculation
    Helmholtz
Thermometer
Laennec
    Carbolic
Lister
Opthalmoscope
Pasteur
Dissections
).@Advances in medicine continue to be made, and one entire area of
*??medical research  has been in the miniaturization of equipment,
especially for surgeons. V
iew the 1966 film "Fantastic V
oyage", in which
Dminiaturized people enter the blood stream and repair damage  inside
the patient's body
3. Medical technologists are developing tiny working
Emachines which could soon be placed in a patient's circulation system
*>Ito carry out diagnostic functions. Miniaturizing PEOPLE is still Sci Fi!!
Arial
IMPROVING MAN
S CHANCES OF SUR
VIVAL
SIMPLE LEAN-TO
o    Diagram 1
Arial
IMPROVING MAN
S CHANCES OF SUR
VIVAL
THREE TYPES OF GREEK CAPIT
r    Diagram 2
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Arial
Across
1 - Istanbul's great church
)]!Ancient Egypt's great achievement
}:7 - Consists of lime, sand and fragments of stone or brick
*</8 - The great Greek temple on the acropolis in
Athens
2 - Famous Peruvian Inca city
4 - V
7olcanic earth used to allow concrete to set under water
}-5 - British monument site from the bronze age
6 - Great South
American builders
ONE & CONCRETE CROSS WORD
q    Diagram 3
IMPROVING MAN
S CHANCES OF SUR
VIVAL
Arial
0Using the simple triangle components as shown in
*>5the diagram, first design and then build a bridge out
*?8of popsicle (or art) sticks and circular pieces of light
cardboard to make the sections.
(See bibliography re: T
ritech)
Circular or rectangular
cardboard could
replace strips
Light cardboard cut
to desired length
#Reinforce cardboard with art sticks
*<&glued  to other Side (could also serve
as a ledge for roadway)
COMPONENT FOR BUILDING
Bridges, Skyscrapers, etc.
m    Diagram 4
IMPROVING MAN
S CHANCES OF SUR
VIVAL
Times New Roman
From Flint T
ools to
Production Lines
Arial
Theme
*?NHumans have constantly tried to find better and better tools to give them more
*>1control over the natural materials on the earth.
As those tools became more
0Acomplex, machines were developed, and finally rows of machines in
*>&production lines, making the rapid, ef
*ficient production of millions of consumer
products possible.
Hand T
)2EPut in order of their use, the first three metals used in making hand
tools.
)2=How many years elapsed from the earliest use of copper to the
Assyrian use of iron?
Simple Machines
)27Name the five labor-saving machines used by the Greeks.
)2,Which two tools used the power of the wedge?
How did
/Archimedes (ca.287 - 212 B.C.) aid agriculture?
)RFou can easily demonstrate the power of the lever for yourself. Place a
Dboard beneath a heavy object, and place the fulcrum near the object.
*>&See how easy it is to lift the weight.
^"Then change the fulcrum so that it
Iis a foot farther from the weight, and lift. What change do you notice in
*>#the apparent weight of the object?
.#The use of a longer board will give
@you a fuller understanding of the principles involved in levers.
(From Flint T
&ools to Production Lines - Diagram 1).
Arial
)2FConstruct an overbalancing wheel using heavy cardboard, a nail for the
*>Icentral pivot point, and plasticine, popsicle sticks and bent pins to add
the arms. Similarly
*, a paddle wheel could be even more easily
0constructed and spun with moving water or a fan.
0    Machine T
)2DWhat invention replaced the person who had to turn the first lathes?
What were the ef
t#fects of the Industrial Revolution?
<Point out why you believe these changes are still happening.
)22ith arrows link the inventors to their inventions:
James W
Screw cutting lathe
James Nasmyth
Cylinder boring machine
Henry Maudslay
Steam hammer
John W
ilkinson
Steam engine
Mass Production
)2*What is actually meant by mass production.
)25How can the number 50 be associated with Eli Whitney?
)20Explain how Henry Ford's production line worked.
@Research the recent development called "cell manufacturing", and
*>Fcompare it (advantages and disadvantages) to the assembly line method.
Arial
Apply pressure to lift weight
Lever
eight
Fulcrum
Move the fulcrum and try again
THE POWER OF THE LEVER
l    Diagram 1
FROM FLINT T
OOLS T
O PRODUCTION LINES
Times New Roman
Utilizing the Earth
s Resources
Arial
Theme
This chapter describes how dif
ferent men and women from dif
ferent countries
0Kmade it possible for machines to actually do the work that human muscle had
*>4been required to accomplish for thousands of years.
These were essential
0Oideas, for they freed us from countless tasks, enabling the energy in nature to
*>.replace physical labor; BRAINS rather than BRA
Natural Power
Sadly
%, what was the first source of power?
).AName the three kinds of water wheel, according to where the water
struck the wheel.
).CList in chronological order (from earliest to latest discovery) the
*>Bfollowing sources of power: Roman geared mill, people, Greek water
wheel, horses, windmill, oxen.
Sketch a T
:ower windmill, and if the materials are available, build a
Dsimple model using light cardboard of any windmill type. Be sure the
*?7windmill is functional, ie. you can turn it with a fan.
Investigate solar power
    +, and the problems associated with its use.
&Prepare a brief report, on this topic.
The Steam Engine
).CHow did an Egyptian man named Hero become a part of the story about
the steam engine?
Who was James W
1att and what were the three improvements he added
to Newcomen's engine?
).%Who was the immediate forerunner of W
att in England?
).=Name two methods of transportation that use the steam engine.
Arial
).HIt is possible to buy simple steam engines in toy or science/educational
stores.
?They  illustrate perfectly the principles of steam engines, and
are reasonable in price.
).BDetermine through research how nuclear power plants are related to
*?Asteam engines, thus showing how old and new technology often work
*>    together.
Electricity and the Battery
).HHow did Franklin illustrate electricity and to what practical use did he
put this knowledge?
Name and explain V
!olta's two electrical inventions.
Why did
3AC win out over DC as the chief current to be used?
o illustrate static electricity
, simply comb your hair rapidly
, then try to
Bpick up a tiny piece of paper or kleenex with the end of the comb.
)E%ferent combs, and someone else's hair
, will perhaps pick up larger
Fpieces. Rubbing wool or cotton sweaters with a comb will also build up
a static charge.
Insert two dif
<ferent types of metal wire, copper and zinc, into a lemon or
potato.
8Attach the other ends of the wires to the terminals of a
one-battery electric clock. W
atch it go! Y
ou have completed an electric
8circuit, the current (.8 volts) being created by the dif
fering electric
potential set up in the metals.
Internal Combustion
).5What device ignites the gas/air mixture in most cars?
Explain the critical dif
-ference between the operation of the internal
(combustion engine and the diesel engine.
Arial
CExplore the functioning of the internal combustion engine with the
assistance of an adult.
-The engine must be OFF to do this as there is
Jconsiderable danger to you if it is on! Using the diagram from the owner's
manual of the car
K6, look under the hood and identify the various working
parts of the engine.
The Jet Engine
).7What limited the internal combustion engine for flight?
).!How does the gas turbine operate?
).8How does the turbo-fan and jet engine move the aircraft?
).CWhat factor led to great urgency in the development of jet engines?
)RJiew the 1951 British film "Breaking the Sound Barrier"; it illustrates the
Dinherent dangers many technological pioneers have faced in advancing
new ideas and inventions.
_    The 1983
!American movie, "The Right Stuff"
Fcontinues the theme of developing experimental aircraft. See the topic
*?3"Flight" on the CD-ROM for more videos on aircraft.
).GIf possible, visit one of the nearby regional aircraft museums, a major
airport or an air show. T
+wo outstanding air/space museums in the USA
are the US
5Air Force Museum in Dayton, Ohio, and the Smithsonian
    National
Air and Space Museum in W
c ashington, D.C.  In Canada there
Fare similar though smaller aeronautical displays in Hamilton, Ontario,
and in Ottawa, Ontario.
)JDo illustrate the principle of jet propulsion, all you need is a long
balloon, a plastic straw
), a piece of string and some scotch tape.
*Suspend the string horizontally in the air
 , and pull the straw through the
string.
0Then blow up the balloon, attach it to the straw
, and let the air
out. W
-atch it "jet" across the room on the string!
The air goes one way,
the straw the other.
Rockets
What is the basic dif
(ference between rockets and jet engines?
Arial
).    How did T
6siolkovsky suggest "escape velocity" could be reached?
).(What were the contributions made by the
American R.H. Goddard and
the German W
erner V
on Braun to rocket development?
What was the V2?
HBuy a rocket kit in a hobby/educational/science store so that you can do
*> some experimentation on flight.
!Adult supervision is recommended.
Nuclear Power
).1What is fission, and what happens when it occurs?
).FState Einstein's famous equation, and explain what the various symbols
mean.
)..How does a nuclear power station create power?
).GUsing the activity button describe the protons, electrons, and neutrons
in an atom.
).EPrepare a report of at least two paragraphs explaining the dangers of
*?Anuclear reactors. Be sure and mention in this report the infamous
Chernobyl disaster.
).DUsing the activity button, sketch and label a diagram illustrating a
nuclear reaction.
Times New Roman
Using Natural and
Artificial
0    Materials
Arial
Theme
?GAll technological development must make use of the forces and materials
0Jprovided by what is often called "Mother Earth". Human beings cannot truly
*?F"create"  any materials; everything must be made from those materials
*>Fprovided by our home, planet earth. It becomes important then for all
*?Iscientists and technologists to become as knowledgeable as possible about
*>Qthe characteristics of the earth's materials, and those artificial materials that
have been fashioned from them.
Pottery and Glass
).4What is a potter's wheel and what made it so useful?
).>How did the development of pottery change settlement patterns?
How did porcelain ware dif
\#fer from pots made of regular clay?
).-What are the three major components of glass?
) Ery making pottery yourself. Science/educational/hobby stores have the
Ematerials and equipment to make excellent products reasonably simply.
orking in Metal
).DWhat are the qualities of metals that make them superior to clay and
stone?
)..What is an ore, and what is meant by smelting?
).5How is bronze made, and why is it superior to copper?
).DExplain this statement, "The Chinese beat the Europeans when it came
*?Fto smelting iron". How quickly could an idea pass to-day from China to
Europe?
Arial
).DWhat was fed into a blast furnace to produce iron?  What created the
*>#blast in the Chinese blast furnace?
8Use the activity button to play the Metal Detector game.
Plastics
).4How did Charles Goodyear discover vulcanized rubber?
).DWho discovered the first plastic, what was it called, and how was it
formed?
Serendipity
7, or good luck, can result in new ideas and inventions.
#Explain this in regard to plastics.
Explain polymerization?
Name 5 dif
*ferent plastics formed using this process.
) 3ry the unscrambling game under the activity button.
Times New Roman
Shrinking the W
Arial
Theme
*>NIt is often said that it is a small world. In fact, in some ways that world is
becoming even smaller
j-, though it remains as large as it ever was.
0Kshrinking is being caused by the technological advances, some of which, for
*?Gexample, enables us to travel in a few hours by supersonic jet across a
*>6distance which once required months to cross on foot.
The incredible
0;advances in communications have made the world even smaller
Z    , for now
0Mmessages can travel at the speed of light, 186,000 miles a second, a distance
*?$almost 8 times around the equator !!
Boats and Rafts
+l}FWhat did the Egyptians add to their warships which became standards on
later galleys?
FCarry out research on how sails can be manipulated or adjusted to make
*?Huse of the wind even when it is not blowing in the direction you want to
The Compass
+l}@Compasses work because their magnetized needles line up with the
*>Eearth's magnetic field which runs north-south. What must be true abou
*?Athe rock known as lodestone, if it also lines up with that field?
).EIt is relatively easy to make a simple compass. Magnetize a needle by
*?Epassing one end of an existing bar magnet along the needle repeatedly
*>Din the SAME direction until the needle itself becomes a small magnet
*?.and is able to pick up a small piece of iron.
Then fasten this needle to a
Kthin slice of cork, float it on water and note that it will always point in
*?)the same direction. Mark the correct end
for North, and the other
for south.
).7Play the game on the compass under the activity button.
Arial
).BThree of the major directions have been marked in. Label the other
thirteen directions correctly
(Shrinking the W
orld - Diagram 1).
0    The Wheel
+l}!As far as the archaeologists know
!, where was the wheel first used?
).DMake a simple sketch as it would look from above, of a travois being
pulled by an
animal.
).>Sketch and label a rotating wheel inside a bearing on an axle.
).=Make a model of a wheel turning on an axle inside a bearing.
This can
'be done using two plastic straws of dif
ferent thicknesses.
The thinner
Hstraw (axle) turns within the thicker one (bearing), and the ends of the
*?)axle can be splayed to hold the wheels.
Attach a cart using tape to the
7bearing, and you have a simple and functioning vehicle.
(Shrinking the W
orld - Diagram 2).
Roads and Railways
).AUsing an atlas name at least eight present-day countries in which
*?%Roman roads were built centuries ago.
).,How did the Mesopotamians layer their roads?
).0What was McAdam's contribution to road building?
).5Why were mines the first areas where rails were used?
).FUsing the activity button, carefully watch to see how the famous Roman
roads were built.
).DThere are two modern railroad developments that should be mentioned,
France's T
)k6. and Japan's bullet trains. Prepare a short report on
 each of these new speedy trains.
Arial
Flight
).%Why was hydrogen used for ballooning?
). What was the occupation of the W
right brothers in Dayton, Ohio?
How did the W
rights test their wing designs?
)J?o experience the development of flight, there are several films
 available that could be viewed.
They are: "The Blue Max", 1966,
showing fighter aircraft in W
orld W
$ar 1; "The Battle of Britain", 1969,
Cdepicting this famous battle between German and British aircraft in
orld W
)]<1, (and the importance of technological superiority in radar
as well as aircraft); "T
-op Gun", 1986, showing aerial combat with the
Gmore recent types of jet aircraft and aircraft technology; and finally,
"2001: A
=Space Odyssey", describing futuristic travel in space with an
Demphasis on many technological aspects involved. (See also the topic
*?F"The Jet Engine" in this manual for other videos available on flight).
).HMatch up the following pioneers of flight with the most appropriate term
*>$related to each one, using an arrow:
Leonardo Da V
wing shapes
Clement
manned balloon
J.A.C.Charles
2,000 glider flights
Otto Lilienthal
use of hydrogen balloons
George Cayley
ornithopter
Montgolfier bros.
pilotless glider flight
    Henri Gif
the eole
Samuel Langley
steam-driven steerable airship
(See
Answer Book, Shrinking the W
orld page 9)
).FIf possible, visit the outstanding museum at Kitty Hawk, N.C., and see
*>Lthe actual site of the first manned flight in a heavier than air craft. (See
*?Ethe topic "The Jet Engine" for a listing of four other flight museums
definitely worth visiting.)
)J+o improve your concept of flight technology
, it is easy to make and
Istudy the "flight" of whirlybird. Merely cut one out and see how it flies
when dropped from the ceiling.
%Then vary where you put the clip, the
Hlength and thickness of the arms, the number and size of the clips, etc.
*>0and record how the flight characteristics are ef
fected.
(Shrinking the
orld - Diagram 3).
Arial
Scripts and
    Alphabets
).,What need led to the development of writing?
).#What is meant by cuneiform writing?
)./What does the Egyptian term hieroglyphics mean?
)..Which people finally developed the alpha beta?
).CUse the activity button to chip out a famous quote by Julius Caesar
*?)from Shakespeare's play of the same name.
).-Pictographs are reasonably easy to develop. T
ry making simple pictures
&to represent the following sentences.
o Then stylize the pictures into a
Ehieroglyphic or symbolic form, for example a man could be a circle on
top of two angled lines.
*?+Man went to market bought three vegetables.
Cat in tree watches dog bark.
).EFor centuries Roman numerals were used throughout the civilized world
*?Eand, in fact, are still used to-day in specialized ways. Research the
*>.numerals, so that you can write the following
Arabic numbers in Roman
$Numerals: your age, 1996, 849, 1776.
The Book
)."Why were clay tablets so limiting?
).4How did the Egyptians make paper from papyrus reeds?
).(How were the first papers made in China?
).EGutenburg is justly famous for his technological improvement. How did
*? he revolutionize communications?
).HUsing the activity button try your hand at printing the way it was first
done using blocks.
Arial
).DUsing the activity button view the new developments which started in
the 1450's with Gutenberg.
).BIt is possible to make paper in your home. First cut up some paper
*?Htowels into small pieces, place them into a saucepan half full of water,
*>!and then boil the mix for an hour
'. Stir this mixture vigorously and then
Lmix it in a blender until it is like a porridge. Let the mix cool, then pour
)/Cf all the excess water you can. Next take a piece of fine wire mesh
Gand place an inch or more of the mix evenly on top of it so much of the
*>Ewater can drain through it. Place the mesh on some absorbent material
*?Eand use a piece of cardboard to press more water several times out of
*>Athe pulpy mix. When it is dry enough and well pressed, peel it of
f the
Cmesh, hang it up to dry (or use a hair drier) and you have now some
home-made paper.
Optical Inventions
).FWho was the English writer who first realized the potential of lenses?
).GWhat were the contributions in regard to optical inventions made by the
*>    Dutchman
:Antonie Leeuwenhoek, the Italian Guiseppi Campani, and the
Englishman Robert Hooke?
).AWhat were the two related contributions made by the Dutchman Hans
Lippershey?
).AGalileo carried forward telescope development, but what discovery
*?Dabout the Solar System, made using telescopes, put him into conflict
with the church of that day?
).IHow did the reflecting telescope of scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, actually
work?
).&Using the activity button, see the dif
H!ference focussing with a lens can
make.
).AReproduce and label the diagrams showing how faulty vision can be
corrected with lenses.
Arial
ferent materials do dif
ferent things to light rays. T
o illustrate the
refraction of light by water
R0, place a coin in a tea cup so that at a certain
Nangle, it is just out of sight.  Gently fill the cup with water until the coin
*>Dwhich couldn't be seen, gradually comes into view simply because the
*?Cwater bends the light rays.  It is because of this phenomenon, that
*>>spear fishermen always aim slightly behind the fish; they have
*?Fdiscovered through centuries of experience that the water distorts the
*>;position of the fish and it isn't where it appears to be.
(Shrinking the
orld - Diagram 4).
).>In complete darkness, place a mirror on one side of a piece of
*>Ccardboard in which you have cut a very narrow vertical slit. Move a
*?Kflashlight on the other side of the cardboard so that the light reflects in
)=!ferent directions from the mirror
After some experimentation, you
Dshould be able to predict that if you move the flashlight in one way
, how
Cthe light will be reflected, and even the angle of that reflection.
(Shrinking the W
orld - Diagram 5).
Remote Communications
).4Explain this statement: Morse Code is very flexible.
). What are radio waves in reality?
)."Explain how diodes and triodes dif
fer and who invented them.
)."Research the life of sound pioneer
, Ray Dolby.
Crossword Puzzle.
(Shrinking The W
orld - Diagram 6).
Sound Recording
).;How did Edison's tin foil cylinder phonograph machine work?
).CWho were the two Frenchmen who used discs similar to the modern-day
records in their phonautograph?
).CWhat has been the most significant modern breakthrough in recording
sound on a disc?
Arial
).=Use the activity button to hear Edison's voice from long ago.
).AAsk an adult to tell you the speeds of the three types of records
*>#available when they were teenagers.
iew the movie, "Edison,
The Boy Who Lit Up
The W
orld", (1983) about
one of
9America's foremost inventors. Older films about Edison do
 appear from time to time on TV.
They are also worth watching.
Moving Images
).CWho made possible the critical move from glass plate photography to
the use of film?
).)How did Edison produce the first "movie"?
*?EHow did he and his associates improve the film itself to make for its
movement smoother?
).3Who invented the Cinematograph, and what did it do?
).1In television usage, what is meant by "scanning"?
).?How did John Logie Baird's primitive scanning apparatus compare
*?'statistically to the ones in use today?
*> When did the B.B.C. first begin
TV broadcasting?
)RCiew the invention by Joseph Plateau, the Phenakistoscope, under the
Eactivity button. Read why this system worked. Modern movie film shows
*?-every frame for one twenty sixth of a second.
ou can create the same ef
p-fect that is created by movie film reasonably
    easily. T
<ake 15 small light pieces of cardboard (index cards would be
Fexcellent for this purpose), and place the same grid of one centimeter
*>Csquares on each one. Place a stick man about to kick a football and
*?Cchange the drawing's position and the man's movements progressively
*>Huntil he has kicked the ball. By holding the cards in order in your left
*?Ehand and flipping through them, you will see the "movie" as the stick
*>)man appears to move and kicks the ball.
(Shrinking the W
orld - Diagram 7).
Arial
)JCo demonstrate the basic principles behind reproducing an image, all
Gyou need is a shoe-box, a nail, some light wax paper (or tissue paper),
*?Gand some adhesive tape. Using the nail, punch small holes in the box in
*>Ithe center of both ends. Inside the box tape in a piece of wax paper half
*?Dway down and completely across the box.  Put the top on the box, and
tape it down completely
1.  Point the box at a well-lit object (TV screen,
Dwindow) preferably in a darkened room. Peer through the other end of
*>-the box, and notice how the image appears dif
ferently on the paper
Einside. Experiment by varying the distance your wax paper is from the
*>2end of the box, and varying the size of the holes.
(Shrinking the W
orld - Diagram 8.)
0    Computers
)./What number system is used in modern computers?
).4What replaced the valves in computers in the 1950's?
).;How did the third generation of computers improve their use
considerably?
).*Name two uses made possible by microchips.
).FThe Chinese device known as the abacus is still in use in parts of the
*?Jworld today as it is a great aid to calculation. Using the activity button
*>:research and experiment with building and using an abacus.
).GFill in the blanks with the appropriate surnames, then circle each name
in the scrambled puzzle below:
)S=The Frenchman who probably built the first mechanical adding
machine_______________.
)S?The Englishman who is given credit for first designing machines
0bearing similarities to computers _____________.
)S5The name of the first electronic computer___________.
)SBThe person who developed the spy code computer called the "British
Colossus"._______________.
The corporation that Howard
Aiken worked with to produce an
-enormous electromechanical calculator_______.
)S9The present-day aspect of the computer for which John Von
.Neumann realized the potential_______________.
Arial
)S<The greatest advances in making computers simpler to use has
'come through this process_____________.
*?C8 -The term used for the computers ability to store words, figures,
*>%video, sounds, etc._________________.
(Shrinking the W
orld - Diagram 9).
).+See the text in the bibliography by Goeller
, "How T
o Make
Adding
Machine
That Even
(Adds Roman Numerals", and build your own
calculator using EGG CART
ONS!!
Arial
N.N.E
$ASS COMPLETION     Under the Compass
k    Diagram 1
SHRINKING THE WORLD
Arial
AXLE Thin Straw
AR or splay
ape or glue to
wheel
Place axle inside bearing
(Large Straw)
ape bearing to vehicle
MAKING WHEELS FOR MODELS THA
T TURN
f    Diagram 2
SHRINKING THE WORLD
Arial
10 cm
2.2 cm
Z    Diagram 3
SHRINKING THE WORLD
THE WHIRLY
Arial
First Stage
Coin not V
isible
Actual position
of coin
Apparent
position
Second Stage
Cup filled with water
 Coin
comes into view
j    Diagram 4
SHRINKING THE WORLD
TER REFRACTS LIGHT
Arial
Flashlight
Slit in cardboard
Mirror
Reflects
light beam
c    Diagram 5
SHRINKING THE WORLD
REFLECTING LIGHT WITH A
MIRROR
Arial
~;Fill in the cross word puzzle according to the clues given:
Across
*@!1 - Patented a telegraph in 1837.
*<*4 - Known for his code of dots and dashes.
*<<6 - He developed the diode which improved the sensitivity of
radios to radio waves.
9 - A
2Frenchman who developed the coherer which detected
the effect of radio waves.
*@<2 - He claims to have sent the first Morse signal across the
Atlantic in 1901.
*<.3 - These people used mirrors to send messages
*<25 - Patented a triode to amplify weak radio waves.
*<47 - First produced and detected radio waves in 1888.
*<88 - He developed a variable-resistance transmitter which
*<8provided a more powerful method of transmitting speech.
*<710 - Usually given credit for developing the telephone.
f    Diagram 6
SHRINKING THE WORLD
REMOTE COMMUNICA
TIONS
Arial
Hold cards
on left then
flip them in
order to see
movement
Successive cards show
progression of movement
from card 1 to card 15
Stick man ready
to kick ball
Ball is kicked
card 1
card 15
d    Diagram 7
SHRINKING THE WORLD
FLIPPING CARDS CAN MAKE MOVIES
Arial
Diagram  8
SHRINKING THE WORLD
PIN HOLE CAMERA
Cardboard box
Candle
Small hole
Moveable section
This variation
requires two boxes,
but makes focusing
the image possible
issue paper
Arial
Diagram  9
SHRINKING THE WORLD
COMPUTER SCRAMBLE
Times New Roman
Epilogue
Arial
).:What new technologies will help solve our energy shortage?
).DGive two other examples of new technologies solving problems now and
in the future.
Times New Roman
Bibliography
Arial
OThis bibliography is designed to provide additional data, but more importantly,
*>Nto suggest books which will enable the young student to investigate the topics
*?*more fully through additional activities.
#The first section lists books which
0Fhave usefulness in a number of the topics found throughout the CD-ROM.
    General T
itles
08Darling, David, "Experiment Series", Dillon Press, New Y
ork, 1991.
+itles in this series include : "Up Up and A
way:
)l%The Science of Flight"; "Making Light
ork:
)\!The Science of Optics"; "Spider W
ebs to Skyscrapers:
The Science of Structures";
Sounds Interesting:
The Science of
m#Acoustics";
Between Fire and Ice:
The Science of
Heat"; "From Glasses to Gases:
The Science of Matter".
{YAll the books in this series cover the basic principles in simple terms and include safe,
*?Seasy to perform experiments for students to illustrate the topics with a minimum of
equipment.
0"Dixon, Malcolm, "Communications",
The Bookwright Press, New Y
ork, 1991.
{RCommunication systems from mirrors to satellites are explained in simple terms and
*?Vdemonstrated with a practical series of experiments. Parents too would enjoy assisting
*>Ktheir youngsters in these useful learning projects. Other titles in this "T
echnology Projects
{%Series" include: "Flight, Machines, W
ater T
)y,ransportation, Houses and Homes, Structures,
Land T
ransportation, T
L    extiles".
ard,
Alan, "Experimenting W
4ith Light and Illusions", Dryad Press, London, 1985.
{YOver 50 easy to do experiments with the properties of light including the construction of
*? phenakistascopes and zoltropes.
-8Aimed at ages eight to thirteen but certainly useful for
older students.
Other titles in W
&ard's series include: "Experimenting W
ith Batteries, Bulbs and W
ires";
"Experimenting W
ith Magnetism"; Experimenting W
"ith Nature Study"; Experimenting W
Sound"; "Experimenting W
ith Surface T
ension and Bubbles".
innings, T
)NN, "Planes, Gliders, Helicopters and Other Flying Machines", Kingfisher Books,
New Y
ork, 1992.
{QExperiments and explanations to assist in the understanding of the physics behind
*?_propellers, parachutes, aircraft, airfoils, and much more. Other titles in this series include:
"Cars, Bikes, T
Crains and Other Land Machines"; "Cranes, Dumptrucks, Bulldozers and
Other Building Machines".
04Whyman, Kathyrn, "Light and Lasers", from "Science T
#oday Series", Gloucester Press, New
ork, 1986.
{WExperiments range from making sundials to the creation of mirages to  building your own
*?Tperiscope. Other titles in this series include: "Electricity and Magnetism, Chemical
Arial
Changes, Forces in
AAction, Music and Sound, Radiation, Structure and Materials, Heat
and Energy
, Planet Earth, W
eather
    , Living
Things,
The Solar System".
The First Inventions
Baker
, Elaine, "Art of
GAncient Civilizations", Key Stage 2 from "Picture Pak Series", Folens,
Dunstable, U.K., 1992.
*?[This package includes an activities book and several excellent pictures illustrating art of
the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans,
$7Assyrians and others. Best suited for younger children.
{=Another Picture Pak title of possible interest is "Art of Dif
ferent Cultures", Key Stage 1.
Scheik, Kathy and T
?oth, Nicholas, "Making Silent Stones Speak", Simon and Schuster
, New
ork, 1993.
)*Ydetailed analysis of early man's simple technologies as represented in their tool-making.
Improving Man
s Chances of Survival
Cole, Michael, and Darby, T
)H*, "Bridges, Supporting Structures", Book T
wo of the "T
ritech
{/Series", Southgate, Crediton, Devon, U.K. 1992.
*?KAn excellent book to encourage students to make models of varied bridges. T
    echniques
{9provided are useful for making other structures as well.
*?!The titles in this series are: "V
3ehicles, Moving Structures" Book One; "Fairgrounds,
Rotating Structures", Book
Three.
MacGregor,
Anne and Scott, "Domes, A
i/Project Book", Lothrop, Lee, and Shepard Books,
New Y
ork, 1981.
)*'history of various types of domes from
-Asian yurts to the Roman Pantheon, Istanbul's
{WHagia Sophia, London's St. Paul's to today's geodesic domes. Blueprints are provided to
*?'enable students to build similar domes.
0CNewhouse, Elizabeth L., "The Builders", National Geographic Society
ashington, D.C.,
1992.
)*Rtypical National Geographic publication, with outstanding photographs and diagrams
which explain details clearly
5. Covers a wide-range of topics included in the disk:
{Wovercoming distances, history of buildings, tunnels (The Chunnel, for example), towers,
*?0and harnessing the wind, solar and water power.
An excellent book to own.
allnofer
A, Heinrich, "Chinese Folk Medicine", Crown Publishers Inc., New Y
ork, 1965.
)*Rcomprehensive examination of the ancient Chinese philosophies relating to medicine
{Tand life, diagnoses and treatments, including acupuncture, exercise regimes, massage
and prescriptions.
einer
, Michael
@A., "Earth Medicine, Earth Foods", Collier-MacMillan Ltd., New Y
ork, 1972.
)*-layman's guide to those "useless weeds" that
V(American Indians used for soups, salads,
{8poultices, nerve tonics, contraceptives, and much more.
Arial
From Flint to Production Lines
Gardner
I, Robert, "Investigate and Discover Forces and Machines", Julian Messner,
Englewood Clif
fs, New Jersey
, 1991.
{WThe author uses many of the inovative exhibits and facilities of the hands-on museum at
*>Vthe Franklin Institute in Philadelphia to assist in the investigation of forces and 22
*?    machines.
0XJames, Elizabeth, and Barkin, Carol, "The simple Facts of Simple Machines", Lothrop, Lee
and Shepard, New Y
ork. 1975.
{[Do it yourself activities for all ages to explain such simple tools and machines as levers,
*?(wheels and axles, pulleys, screws, etc.
#ime-Life Books, "Physical Forces",
Alexandria, V
1    a., 1992.
{=The graphics, mostly diagrams, in this book are outstanding.
There is suf
ficient detail to
{Umake this an excellent reference, but it can also be easily read as well for it poses
*?Bquestions then answers them, an interesting format for students. T
opics include forces,
gravity
, machines, electricity
!, light and sound, among others.
{)An excellent book for the student to own.
Utilizing the Earth
s Resources
0(Feravolo, Rocco, "Magnetism, Electricity
t4, Sound: More Easy Physics Projects", Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Clif
fs, N. J., 1968.
{UOver 50 simple experiments with the principles behind them explained to ensure under-
standing. A
.good guide for teachers and younger students.
Goeller
, Lee, "How T
o Make
Adding Machine
That Even
Adds Roman Numbers",
{!Harcourt-Brace Jovanovich", New Y
ork, 1979.
0PHaywood, Bob and Pearce, Michael, "Science: Forces and Electricity", "Press For
Action
{'Series", Folens, Dunstable, U.K., 1991.
This series provides clear
<, concise directions for experiments and model-building, and
{Sconsiderable explanations about the technology in and around the home. Other titles
*>1include: "Materials" and "Sound Light and Space".
Stanley
, Leon S., "Easy T
;8o Make Electric Gadgets", Harvey House Publishers, New Y
1980.
*?VStep by step instructions for builders from high school age and up, to create junkyard
*>8cranes, electric motors, metal engraving tools and more.
aylor
)d/, Barbara, "Science Starter Series", Franklin W
atts, New Y
ork, 1990.
{WThis series provides scores of experiments which are easy to perform and start students
*?Xthinking about the topics. Other titles include: "Bouncing and Bending Light, Colour and
*>0Light, Electricity and Magnets, Energy and Power
, Force and Movement, W
    eight and
{    Balance".
)('alpole, Brenda, "Movement", from "Fun W
ith Science Series", W
arwick Press, New Y
1987.
Arial
))Written for young people, but of interest to a broad range of ages. Basic topics such as
gravity
G, gears and pendulums are explained, illustrated and then demonstrated.
Using Natural and
Artificial Materials
Baker
)v    , Denys V
al, "The Y
/oung Potter", Nicholas Kaye, London,U.K., 1963.
{2Easy step by step instructions to create jewellery
, tiles, figures and pots.
Howard, Sylvia, "T
!in Can Crafting", Sterling, New Y
ork, 1964.
)*Qith shears, pliers, tin cans, and a good pair of work gloves, an amazing array of
{Yprojects, from earrings to candleholders can be crafted (children will need supervision).
Newman,
Thelma R., "Crafting W
ith Plastics", Chelton, Radnor
, Pa., 1975.
The title says it all.
Shrinking the W
Boyne, W
7alter J., "Smithsonian Book of Flight", Random House, A
verrel, N.J., 1994.
{TAn excellent history of flight with a detailed coverage of developments provided and
*>@illustrated with beautiful photos and drawings. Index included.
An excellent gift for a
youngster who enjoys aircraft.
Cobb, V
icki and Josh, "Light
Action:
Amazing Experiments W
 ith Optics", Harper Collens, New
ork, 1993.
{ZDozens of easy to follow and fun to do experiments involving playing with the qualities of
*?Tlight. Explanations are provided to enlighten all readers from youngsters to adults.
Erickson, T
om, "Of
f and Running:
The Computer Of
fline
)d!Activities Book", Equals/Lawrence
Hall of Science, Berkeley
, Calif., 1986.
)*Yvariety of problems and exercises to assist students to develop problem-solving abilities
and computer skills.
0/Frances, Neil, "Super Flyers", Kids CanPress, T
oronto, 1988.
0'Churchill, Richard E., "Fabulous Paper
Airplanes", Sterling, New Y
ork, 1991.
{VBoth the Frances and Churchill books will enable the student to make planes which dive
and soar and do aerobatics.
Greenwood, John T
., "Milestones of A
7*viation: Smithsonian Institution National
Air and Space
Museum", Crescent Books, New Y
ork, 1991.
)*'beautifully illustrated, large-size cof
.fee table book on the aviation greats from the
))Vrights to Sir Frank Whittle. Excellent detail on the varieties of aircraft from the "W
right
Flyer" to the S.S.T
. Concorde.
Arial
Sootin, Harry
> , "Light Experiments: For Home W
orkshop
And School Laboratory", W.W
. Norton
and Co., New Y
ork, 1963.
{6Over 45 experiments with very readable explanations. T
"opics range from the refraction of
{^light, convex or concave lenses, the dispersion of light, colored filters and polarized light.
High school and older.
ime-Life Books, "T
ransportation",
Alexandria, V
    a., 1992.
{RAnother excellent book from the same series "Understanding Science and Nature", as
*>#"Physical Forces
 described above.
c-This book can be read or used as a reference.
{_Excellent on virtually all forms of transportation, especially flight, with some historical and
considerable technical data.
alker
, Ormiston H., "Experimenting W
Air and Flight", Franklin W
atts, New Y
ork, 1989.
)*Ysuperb book to explain the basic principles of aerodynamics, including lift, thrust, drag
and gravity
Q. Explained are relatively simple projects including the construction of your own
{*wind tunnel, gliders, balloons, jets, etc.
Times New Roman
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                                                 4ICE Integrated Communications and Entertainment Inc.

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